United States Navy Nurse Corps. Group photograph of the first twenty Navy Nurses, appointed in 1. The United States Navy Nurse Corps was officially established by Congress in 1. Navy ships and in Navy hospitals for nearly 1. The Corps was all- female until 1. Muller. In 1. 81. William P. C. Barton became the first to officially recommend that female nurses be added to naval hospital staff. Fifteen years later, the duties were transferred to the designation Bayman (US Navy Regulations, 1. Although enlisted personnel were referred to as nurses, their duties and responsibilities were more related to those of a hospital corpsman. During the American Civil War, several African American women served as paid crew aboard the hospital ship. Red Rover in the Mississippi River area in the position of nurse. The known names of four nurses are: Alice Kennedy, Sarah Kinno, Ellen Campbell and Betsy Young (Fowler). In addition volunteer nuns from the Catholic Sisters of the Holy Cross served aboard as nurses. Sutcliffe Higbee. After the establishment of the Nurse Corps in 1. Act of Congress, twenty women were selected as the first members and assigned to the Naval Medical School Hospital in Washington, D. C. Unfortunately, the navy did not provide room or board for them, and so the nurses. Pendleton; Elizabeth M. Knight; Josephine Beatrice Bowman, the third Superintendent of the Navy Nurse Corps, 1. Sutcliffe Higbee, the second Superintendent of the Navy Nurse Corps, 1. De Ceu.; Elizabeth Leonhardt; Estelle Hine; Ethel R. Small; Victoria White; Isabelle Rose Roy; Margaret D. They would include three Nurse Corps Superintendents and twelve chief nurses. The Nurse Corps gradually expanded to 1.
World War I. In addition to normal hospital and clinic duties, the nurses were active in training natives in U. S. For a few months in 1. Navy nurses saw their first shipboard service, aboard Mayflower and Dolphin. The first permanent shipboard positions came in late 1. Relief went into commission with a medical staff that included Navy nurses. World War I. Also serving overseas were Navy operating teams, including nurses, established for detached duty near the combat frontlines. Some of these teams were loaned to the United States Army during the intense ground offensives of 1. During the war, 1. Navy nurses died on active duty, over half of them from influenza. Three of the four Navy Crosses awarded to wartime Navy nurses were given posthumously to women who sacrificed their lives during the 1. The surviving fourth nurse was Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee, the second superintendent of the corps, and the first living woman to receive the medal. In 1. 94. 5, the USS Higbee became the first fighting ship to be named after a woman in the service. Shortly after the fighting's end, several Navy nurses were assigned to duty aboard transports bringing troops home from Europe. Some Navy nurses even ventured on ground patrols and aided Army soldiers during this time. Interwar period. However, this reduction did not stop the corps from making advances; new courses of study in the areas of diet therapy, neuropsychiatry, physiotherapy, and anesthesia were introduced and it was these educational advances which were key to the steady rise in the corps' professional status within the service. Though generally treated as officers socially and professionally, and wearing uniform stripes similar to those for the officer ranks of Ensign through Lieutenant Commander, formal recognition as Commissioned officers did not come until World War II. In addition to caring for Naval personnel at home and abroad, the corps responded to a number of civil disasters and assisted in the evacuation of dependents from war- torn China in 1. Navy ROTC Nurse Scholarship Program. The Navy has many opportunities for young men and women interested in careers in nursing and healthcare.The Army Nurse Candidate Program was established by the U.S. Army Health Care Team for undergraduate students pursuing a BSN from an accredited institution. World War II. By war's end there would be 1,7. Navy nurses were on duty during the initial Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, K. In fact, the nursing profession's vital role was quickly recognized and it became the only women's profession that was deemed so essential as to be placed under the War Manpower Commission. Despite shortages of qualified nurses during the war, the navy was able to hold to its standards and enroll nurses of outstanding qualifications and experience. These outstanding nurses received advanced training in surgery, orthopedics, anesthesia, contagion, dietetics, physiotherapy, and psychiatry, the latter helping men understand and manage Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (then known as shell- shock) and battlefield fatigue. But the navy nurses' duties did not only include the tending to the injured and sick but also to the equally serious task of training Hospital Corpsmen. Many of these young men had never seen the inside of a hospital unless they themselves had been admitted, and as such it was training from the ground up. Once trained, the men were sent to work aboard fighting ships and on invasion beaches, where nurses were not yet officially assigned. Additionally, nurses trained WAVES for the Hospital Corps. At Efate they cared for the wounded from the long Guadalcanal Campaign, Army as well as Navy and Marine personnel. Others were stationed in New Caledonia, the Solomons, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea, Coral Sea, Savo, Samoa, Tarawa, Attu, Adak, Dutch Harbor, Kwajalein, Guam, Saipan, Tinian, Leyte, Samar, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. The purpose of these forward operating areas was stabilization. Only when patients were fully stabilized were they sent on to Pearl Harbor, and then eventually to the contiguous United States. In Europe, navy nurses served in both England and Italy and in North and South America at Trinidad, Panama, Puerto Rico, Bermuda, Brazil, and Newfoundland. Navy nurses were even stationed in Africa. One of the more colorful convalescent hospitals was the USN Convalescent Hospital located at the Sun Valley Lodge in Idaho. After the lodge - built by the Union Pacific Railroad and its chairman W. Averell Harriman - opened in 1. Notables included Ernest Hemingway who worked on For Whom the Bell Tolls in room #2. Clark Gable, Errol Flynn, Claudette Colbert, Bing Crosby and Gary Cooper. In 1. 94. 6 it reverted to its intended use. The story of the USN Convalescent Hospital is not unlike a host of other facilities which were converted, including the Averell Harriman estate in the Bear Mountains of the Catskills and the Ahwahnee Hotel at Yosemite National Park. Aboard hospital ships, navy nurses followed the fleet in their assaults, and were eventually permitted to go to the beaches with the fighting men to pick up the wounded. Early in the war only the USS Solace and USS Relief brought comfort to the wounded fighting men via all- navy medical personnel. Later the Bountiful, Samaritan, Refuge, Haven, Benevolence, Tranquility, Consolation, Repose, Sanctuary, and Rescue were added. Chief Nurse Marion Olds and nurses Leona Jackson, Lorraine Christiansen, Virginia Fogerty and Doris Yetter were taken prisoner on Guam shortly after Pearl Harbor and transported to Japan. They were repatriated in August 1. Navy nurses. Chief Nurse Laura Cobb and her nurses, Mary Chapman, Bertha Evans, Helen Gorzelanski, Mary Harrington, Margaret Nash, Goldie O'Haver, Eldene Paige, Susie Pitcher, Dorothy Still and C. Edwina Todd (some of the . Upon her return to the United States she became the first American to receive the Legion of Merit. Flight nurses. Each 1. Hospital Corps officer. After a certain number of transcontinental trips with wounded servicemen, the teams were sent to the Pacific to serve in the Naval Air Evacuation Service, the first arriving in Guam in early February 1. First, from target areas to forward hospitals, such as Guam: second, from those forward hospitals to Pearl Harbor; and third, from Pearl Harbor to the contiguous United States. Nurses were rotated so that flight hours did not exceed 1. The squadron flight surgeon and several pharmacists' mates were on the first hospital plane to land on the captured airfield. The surgeon established an evacuation clearing station adjacent to the airstrip, where with the help of his corpsmen, he collected patients from the first- aid and holding stations and screened them for air transport, giving necessary treatment prior to flight. As soon as the second hospital plane landed, the flight nurse aboard received her orders. The plane was loaded and usually departed in approximately 4. With the corpsman's aid, she dressed wounds, administered whole blood or plasma, gave medications, and fed the patients. Using this procedure, within 3. Okinawa alone. After her heroic work in Iwo Jima, she was sent back to the U. S. Soon after she started that assignment, she requested to be sent back into the Pacific combat zone. She flew her missions with Agana, Guam based Air Evacuation Transport Squadron One (VRE- 1), which was an elite unit of the Naval Air Transport Service (NATS). A small naval dispensary at Yokosuka, staffed by only six nurses, evolved into a full- fledged hospital staffed by 2. The Navy Nurse Corps expanded its ranks by recalling Reserve nurses with World War II experience. It temporarily reduced staffs at continental hospitals to staff the forward area. The Navy also commissioned civilian nurses. These nurses served in hospitals as well as aboard the USS Haven and two other Haven- class ships, where almost 3. September 1. 95. 2. These hospital ships were a new type of mobile hospital, moving from place to place, sometimes supporting the Inchon invasion or aiding the Hungnam evacuation, or simply shifting about the Korean coast as needed. Two senior Navy nurses, Commander Estelle Kalnoske Lange and Lieutenant Ruth Cohen, received the Bronze Star for their work on the Navy hospital ships. Sarah Griffin Chapman, who had lost her lower left leg in an accident and retired prior to Korea, fought to be recalled to active duty so that she could teach other young amputees how to walk again. The mishap occurred on the South Pacific island of Kwajalein on Sept.
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